Cedar pines, true cedars, food seeds, fodder and timber

1. Important difference between cedar pine and cedar

In Russian, the word "cedar" often refers to two different botanical groups.

Common name	Botanical group	Examples	Core Value
Cedar pine	Genus Pinus	Siberian pine, Korean pine, European cedar	Large edible seeds, animal feed, wood
Real cedar	Genus Cedar	Lebanese, Atlas, Himalayan, Cyprus cedar	Durable wood, forest, landscape, soil protection
Siberian dwarf pine	Genus Pinus	Pine trees lined up	Seeds, feed, soil protection, cold regions
Other "cedars"	Other genera	Thuja, juniper, cypress	Wood, essential oils, decorative use

Edible pine nuts are obtained mainly from pines of the genusPinus, and not from the real cedars of the genusCedar.

Conifer grafting is used to preserve selected genotypes, establish seedbeds, regulate growth vigor, and accelerate cone production. However, compatibility depends on the species, rootstock, and origin of the material; both early and delayed incompatibility are possible.

2. The main nut-bearing cedar pines

View	Russian name	Main products	Climate	Prospects for DREVO
Siberian pine	Siberian cedar pine	Edible seeds, feed, oil, wood	Cold continental	Very high
Pinus koraiensis	Korean cedar pine	Large seeds, oil, feed, valuable timber	Cold and moderately humid	Very high
Pinus cembra	European stone pine	Edible seeds, wood, protective forests	Alpine, cold mountain	Particularly high for Switzerland
Pine trees lined up	Siberian dwarf pine	Seeds, feed, protective cover	Very cold, mountainous	High for upper zones
Pine tree	Stone pine	Large edible piniolis nuts	Mediterranean	High for warm zones
Pinus gerardiana	Gerard's pine, chilgoza	Large edible seeds	Dry mountainous areas	Experimental
Pinus armandii	Arman's pine	Edible seeds, wood	Mountainous temperate climate	Experimental
Pinus monophylla	Single-needle pine	Edible seeds	Arid climate	For dry test areas
Edible pine	Edible pine	Edible seeds	Arid highlands	For dry test areas
Pinus maximartinezii	Maximamartinez Pine	Very large seeds	Dry mountain climate	Collectible save only

3. Priority species for Switzerland and Central Europe

Priority	View	Reason for choice	Possible purpose
1	Pinus cembra	Naturally associated with the Alps, cold-hardy and long-lived	Edible seeds, mountain forests, wood
2	Siberian pine	Frost resistance and high nutritional value of seeds	Nut orchards and gene bank
3	Pinus koraiensis	Large seeds and high productivity of selected forms	Intensive nut-growing areas
4	Pine trees lined up	Low-growing, cold and snow resistant	Slopes, upper zones, animal feed
5	Pine tree	The most famous industrial nut pine	Warm protected microzones
6	Pinus armandii	Potential for food and forestry use	Experimental collections

4. Scion and rootstock for cedar pines

General principle

The most reliable combination:

scion of a certain species → rootstock of the same species.

Interspecific grafting is possible mainly between closely related pines, but it must be tested not just for one season, but for decades.

Scion	The safest rootstock	Possible experimental rootstocks	Purpose
Siberian pine	SeedlingP. sibirica	P. cembra, nearby five-needle pines	Seeds, frost resistance
Pinus koraiensis	SeedlingP. koraiensis	Some related five-needle pines	Large nuts, seed plantation
Pinus cembra	SeedlingP. cembra	P. sibiricain trials	Alpine plantings
Pine trees lined up	SeedlingP. line up	Closely related cedar pines only experimentally	Compact crown, cold zones
Pine tree	SeedlingP. pinea	P. halepensisin warm and dry regions	Accelerated production of pignioli
Pinus gerardiana	SeedlingP. gerardiana	Nearby pines of a dry climate	Edible seeds
Pinus armandii	SeedlingP. armandii	Nearby five-needle pines	Seeds and wood

Grafting was practiced in the Mediterranean pinePine treeboth on their own seedlings and onPine of Aleppoto speed up fruiting and use areas with different soil conditions.

5. The main goals of grafting cedar pines

Target	What does vaccination provide?	Practical application
Preserving a fruitful tree	Genetically preserves the above-ground part of the selected specimen	Propagation of trees with large seeds
Early formation of cones	A scion that is physiologically mature can move to the generative phase earlier	Seed gardens
Improving crop stability	It is possible to propagate proven clones	Nut plantations
Adaptation to soil	The rootstock is selected based on the moisture, acidity and depth of the soil.	Different natural zones
Height limitation	Selecting rootstock and shaping make cone harvesting easier	Production gardens
Preservation of rare genotypes	One scion can be duplicated in several places.	Gene bank
Establishment of a seed plantation	Several selected clones are planted together	Production of improved seeds
Disease resistance	A promising rootstock can increase the stability of the root part	Breeding programs
Creating a collection tree	Several genotypes are tested on one rootstock	Scientific zone
Obtaining grafting material	Formation of low mother trees	DREVO nursery

The choice of rootstock for conifers can influence the success of fusion, the vigor of scion growth, and seed production, but the result is highly dependent on the specific combination.

6. Directions for using seeds

Type of product	Suitable species	Usage
Nuts	P. sibirica, P. koraiensis, P. cembra, P. pinea	Direct feeding, processing
Cedar oil	P. sibirica, P. koraiensis	Edible oil, cosmetic raw materials
Protein flour	Most large-seeded pines	Food additives
Cedar milk	P. sibirica, P. koraiensis, P. pinea	Herbal drink
Oil cake	All food types	Flour, feed additive
Seeds for animals	All locally acceptable cedar pines	Birds, squirrels, rodents, forest fauna
Seed fund	All kinds	Reforestation and selection
Gene bank	Rare and local populations	Long-term preservation

7. Seeds as a food source for the ecosystem

Siberian pine trees should be considered not only as food crops for humans. Their seeds form an important food source for forest fauna.

Group of animals	Use of seeds	Ecological function
Squirrels	They harvest and transfer seeds	Spread and natural regeneration
Nutcrackers and jays	They carry seeds over considerable distances	Sowing new trees
Woodpeckers	Extracting seeds from cones	Part of the forest food web
Small rodents	Fallen seeds are used	Organic recycling and the feed chain
Wild boars	They eat available seeds and remains.	Mixing of forest litter
Poultry	Can use crushed recycling waste	Supplementary feed
Farm animals	The cake can be considered as feed raw material after analysis.	Zero-waste recycling

Untreated seeds, shells, or cakes should not be automatically fed to pets: nutritional analysis, contaminant analysis, mold analysis, and acceptable levels in the diet are required.

8. Food and fodder plantations

Type of planting	The main goal	Method of reproduction	Recommended structure
Intensive nut orchard	Regular seed collection	Grafted productive clones	Low and accessible crowns
Extensive forest garden	Seeds, wood and the ecosystem	A mixture of seedlings and grafted trees	Mixed-age plantation
Forage forest	Wildlife nutrition	Mainly seed trees	High genetic diversity
Seed plantation	Improved seeds for forests	Several grafted clones	Controlled cross-pollination
Genetic archive	Preservation of rare lines	Grafting and seed progeny	Duplication by sections
Mountain protective forest	Slopes, snow, water	Local seed populations	Minimum number of grafted trees
Industrial and protective forest	Nuts, wood, soil	Mixed method	Separation of productive and natural zones

9. True cedars of the genus Cedrus

Main types

View	Russian name	Climate and zone	Core Value
Cedar of Lebanon	Cedar of Lebanon	Mountain Mediterranean	Durability, wood, cultural heritage
Atlantic cedar	Atlas cedar	Atlas Mountains, dry mountain regions	Wood, drought resistance, protective forests
Deodar cedar	Himalayan cedar	Humid mountainous regions	Large timber, landscape
Cedar short-leaved	Cyprus cedar	Dry island mountain climate	Genetic and conservation significance

True cedars are large coniferous trees of the genusCedar, known for their durable and aromatic wood. They are not the primary industrial sources of "pine nuts."

10. Grafting of true cedars

Scion	Preferred rootstock	Target	Risk level
Cedar of Lebanon	SeedlingC. libani	Genotype preservation	The lowest of the possible options
Atlantic cedar	SeedlingC. atlantica	Selection and ornamental forms	Relatively low
Deodar cedar	SeedlingC. deodara	Reproduction of selected forms	Relatively low
Cedar short-leaved	Seedling of the same species	Genetic preservation	Average due to rarity of material
Varietal form Cedrus	Compatible seedling of the genusCedar	Color of needles, crown shape	Requires lengthy verification
Interspecific Cedrus	Another species of the genusCedar	Adaptation or testing	Medium or high

True cedars are best grafted within the same genus.Cedar. To graft a cedar of the genusCedaron the pine tree of the familyPinusshould not be used as a standard production combination.

11. Using real cedars

Direction	Suitable species	Significance for the project
Durable wood	Lebanese, Atlas, Himalayan	Construction, carpentry, restoration
Protective mountain forests	Atlas and Lebanese	Slope stabilization and water regulation
Climate-friendly plantings	Atlas	Dry and warming zones
Humid mountain zones	Himalayan	Formation of high-stem forests
Gene bank	All kinds	Maintaining regional lines
Cultural heritage	Cedar of Lebanon	Symbolic and historical meaning
Landscape	All kinds	Long-lived park trees
Seed program	Local and stable forms	Obtaining adapted offspring

12. Grafting conifers for timber

For commercial timber, grafting should not be the primary method of propagation for all trees.

Cause	Meaning
Price	A grafted seedling is much more complex and expensive than a seedling.
Place of connection	May remain a mechanically vulnerable area throughout life
Late incompatibility	Sometimes it appears after many years
Genetic homogeneity	Clonal plantations are more vulnerable to diseases and climate change.
Barrel shape	A poor graft can compromise the straightness and quality of the wood.
Scale	For large forests, seed propagation is more practical.
Environmental sustainability	Seed populations have high genetic diversity

Where grafting is beneficial for forest timber

Object	What is the purpose of vaccination?
Seed plantation	Obtaining seeds from the best tree genotypes
Clone Archive	Preservation of selected trees
Selection collection	Comparison of trunk shape, growth and wood
Uterine area	Obtaining scions and pollen
Resistant genotypes	Propagation of disease-resistant trees
Hybridization program	Controlled crossing
Rare species	Preservation of limited genetic material

For timber, it is not the entire future commercial forest that is grafted, but rather mother trees and seed plantations, from which improved seeds are then obtained.

13. Combination of nut and wood function

Model	Seeds	Wood	Environmental sustainability
Pure grafted walnut plantation	Very high	Low or medium	Average
Cedar seed forest	Middle and late	High	Very high
Mixed forest garden	High	Medium and high	High
Seed plantation	The main product is improved seeds	Auxiliary	Average
Protective mountain forest	Feeding function	Limited use	Maximum
Genetic collection	Small volume	Not the main goal	High conservation value

Recommended model DREVO

Fate	Type of trees	Purpose
50–70%	Seed trees of local and adapted origin	Ecosystem, wood, natural regeneration
15–25%	Grafted high-yielding trees	Nuts
10–15%	Late-flowering and resistant genotypes	Climate reliability
5–10%	Rare and experimental species	Genetic Bank and Research

The proportions should be adjusted to the site. In a natural forest, the proportion of grafted trees should be smaller, while in a specialized nut orchard, it should be larger.

14. Groups of conifers by purpose

Group	Main types	Vaccination	Seeds	Wood
Cold-climate cedar pines	P. sibirica, P. cembra, P. koraiensis	High value	Food and feed	Valuable
Mediterranean walnut pines	P. pinea	High value	Main products	Secondary
Pines of the dry mountains	P. gerardiana, P. edulis	Experimental	Food	Protective function
Real cedars	Cedar of Lebanon, C. atlantica, C. deodara	Selection	Non-core products	The main value
Industrial pines	P. sylvestris, P. nigra, other regional species	Seed plantations	Feeding function	Main products
Spruce and fir trees	Picea, Abies	Selection and seed gardens	Food for fauna	Main products
Larch trees	Larch	Selection	Feeding function	Valuable wood
Junipers	Juniperus	Ornamental and selective use	Bird food	Limited
Yews	Yew	Varietal propagation	Not a food crop	Special wood

15. Which conifers should not be mixed when grafting?

Combination	Rating
Pine → pine of the same species	Preferably
Closely related five-needled pine → five-needled pine	Possibly after testing
Real cedar → real cedar	Possibly within the genus
Pine → true cedar	Do not use as a standard combination.
Spruce → pine	Practically incompatible
Fir → spruce	Not considered a production combination
Larch → cedar	Practically incompatible
Juniper → Thuja	Only narrow specialized experiments
Coniferous → deciduous	Incompatible

16. Methods of grafting conifers

Method	What is it suitable for?	Peculiarities
Lateral butt grafting	Pines, spruces, cedars, ornamental conifers	One of the most practical methods
Lateral grafting with core on cambium	Pines and breeding programs	Requires high precision
Cambium-to-cambium grafting	Young rootstocks	A tight fit is important
Cleft grafting	Individual conifers with a suitable diameter	May form a rough compound
Grafting with an apical shoot	Formation of a direct leader	Particularly important for woody species
Grafting onto container rootstock	Nursery production	Conveniently control temperature and humidity
Grafting in a greenhouse	Valuable and rare genotypes	Increases process controllability

For some pines, good results are achieved by using a dormant scion at the time the rootstock begins spring growth; however, the risk of early or late incompatibility remains.

17. Requirements for the mother tree of cedar pine

Parameter	What is being assessed
Seed size	Mass and homogeneity
Core output	Kernel to shell ratio
Taste	No bitterness or foreign odor
Oil content	Oil production potential
Productivity	Number of cones by year
Regularity	Frequency of harvest seasons
The beginning of fruiting	Age of first stable yield
Size of cones	Average weight and number of seeds
Opening of cones	Convenience of collection and processing
Crown height	Availability for collection
Sustainability	Frost, drought, snow, wind
Health	Absence of serious infections
Barrel shape	Dual-use capability
Durability	Condition of old trees
Origin	Region and maternal population

18. Passport of a grafted conifer tree

Section	Data
Identifier	Tree number
Botanical species	Full Latin name
Function	Nuts, feed, wood, seeds, genetic archive
Rootstock	Species, origin, age
Scion	Clone and mother tree
Number of needles in a bunch	Diagnostic feature of pine
Vaccination date	Day and year
Method	Connection technique
Survival rate	Status by year
Vaccination site	Height and shape of fusion
Compatibility	Early and long-term
The beginning of cone formation	Age or year
Sexual function	Female, male or mixed cones
Harvest	Number and weight of cones
Seeds	Size, weight, core yield
Tree growth	Height, diameter, straightness of the trunk
Sustainability	Frost, drought, disease
Successors	Other trees of the same clone
Status	Royal, industrial, archival or experimental

19. Structure of the coniferous center DREVO

Zone	Purpose
Rootstock nursery	Growing seed and clonal rootstocks
Mother garden	Maintenance of selected fruit trees
Vaccination workshop	Vaccination and training
Seed plantation	Production of improved seeds
Nut forest garden	Food seed production
Forage coniferous forest	Support for birds and animals
Wood test area	Evaluation of growth and quality of trunks
Mountainous zone	Trial Pinus cembraand dwarf pine trees
Warm zone	Trial Pine tree
Cedar Arboretum	Family collectionCedar
Genetic archive	Preservation of rare clones and populations
Seed laboratory	Quality, oil and germination assessment

20. DREVO Priority Program

Line 1 — Alpine Cedar Pine

Parameter	Solution
Main view	Pinus cembra
Zone	Switzerland and the Alps
Target	Mountain nut and protective forest
Reproduction	Seeds plus grafted elite trees
Production	Seeds, seedlings, wood
Ecological function	Slopes, snow, water, bird food

Line 2 — Siberian–Korean Nut Pine

Parameter	Solution
Main types	Siberian pine And Pinus koraiensis
Zone	Cold and temperate areas
Target	Large edible seeds
Reproduction	Testing of grafted clones
Production	Nuts, oil, cake
Additional function	Wood and gene bank

Line 3 — Mediterranean Stone Pine

Parameter	Solution
Main view	Pine tree
Zone	Warm, sheltered areas
Target	Pinioli
Rootstocks	P. pinea, experimentallyP. halepensis
Limitation	Sensitivity of young trees to severe winters
Application	Southern Europe, Morocco, warm microzones

Line 4 — True Cedar Timber Forest

Parameter	Solution
Main types	Atlantic cedar, C. libani, C. deodara
Target	Durable forest and timber
Reproduction	Mainly seed
Vaccination	Mother trees and rare genotypes
Production	Wood, seeds, planting material
Ecological function	Mountain forests and soil protection

21. Basic formula of the project

Function	Preferred material
Nuts	Grafted elite cedar pines
Feed for wild fauna	Various seed trees
Production of improved seeds	Grafted seed plantation
Commercial timber	Seed progeny from the best trees
Genetic archive	Grafted clones plus seeds
Restoring nature	Local seed populations
Testing new species	Isolated experimental plots

A grafted tree retains the qualities of the selected parent tree. The seed tree creates a new genetic combination and increases forest resilience. The nut orchard needs grafted clones. A long-lived forest requires diverse seed generations. The DREVO system must combine both methods.

Coniferous trees DREVO

Cedar pines, true cedars, food seeds, feed and timber

1. Main groups of conifers

Group	Botanical genus	Main representatives	Edible seeds	Main use
Cedar pines	Pinus	Siberian, Korean, European cedar pine	Yes	Nuts, oil, feed, wood
Nut-bearing pines	Pinus	Stone pine, chilgoza, edible pine	Yes	Edible seeds and feed
Real cedars	Cedar	Lebanese, Atlas, Himalayan, Cypriot	They are not a staple food crop.	Wood, protective forests, landscape
Common forest pines	Pinus	Common, black, coastal	Not commonly used as a food product.	Wood, resin, reforestation
They ate	Picea	European, Serbian, Sitka	Not for human consumption	Timber, protective forests
Fir trees	Abies	White, Siberian, Caucasian	Not for human consumption	Wood, essential substances, forest
Larch trees	Larch	European, Siberian, Japanese	Not a staple food crop	Durable wood
Junipers	Juniperus	Common, Virginian, Tall	In some species, the berries are used to a limited extent.	Bird food, wood, essential oils
Yews	Yew	Berry, Far Eastern	The seeds are poisonous	Valuable timber, landscape
Thuja and cypress	Thuja, Chamaecyparis, Cypress	Western thuja, cypresses, cypress trees	No	Wood, fences, protection

2. What is the difference between cedar pines and true cedars?

Sign	Cedar pines	Real cedars
Botanical genus	Pinus	Cedar
Family	Pine	Pine
Common name	Cedar, cedar pine	Real cedar
Edible seeds	Yes, in a number of species	Not commonly used
Typical products	Nuts, oil, cake	Wood and planting material
Main economic function	Food, feed, forest	Timber, slope protection
Examples	Siberian and Korean cedar pines	Lebanon and Atlas cedars
Vaccination	For nut plantations and seed orchards	To preserve valuable forms
Rootstock	Usually a pine of a closely related species	Usually a true cedar of the genusCedar
Compatibility with each other	Should not be vaccinatedPinusonCedar	Should not be vaccinatedCedaronPinus

I. Cedar and walnut pines

3. Main species with edible seeds

Latin name	Russian name	Region of origin	Seeds	Added value
Siberian pine	Siberian cedar pine	Siberia	Large, edible	Oil, feed, wood
Pinus koraiensis	Korean cedar pine	Far East, Korea, China	Very large	Valuable wood
Pinus cembra	European stone pine	Alps and Carpathians	Edible	Mountain protective forests
Pine trees lined up	Siberian dwarf pine	Northeast Asia	Edible	Soil protection, food for fauna
Pine tree	Stone pine	Mediterranean	Large pinioles	Landscape, wood
Pinus gerardiana	Gerard's pine, chilgoza	Himalayas	Large edible seeds	Dry mountain forests
Edible pine	Edible pine	North America	Edible pinyons	Drought resistance
Pinus monophylla	Single-needle pine	North America	Large edible	Dry areas
Pinus quadrifolia	Four-needle pine	Mexico and the United States	Edible	Forage base
Pinus armandii	Arman's pine	China	Edible	Forest and timber
Pinus maximartinezii	Maximartines pine	Mexico	Very large	Genetic preservation
Scots pine	Johannis pine	Mexico	Edible	Arid zones
Pinus pinceana	Pinse pine	Mexico	Edible	A rare drought-resistant species
Nelson pine	Nelson's pine	Mexico	Potentially food	Rare collector's item

4. Comparison of the main nut-bearing pines

View	Seed size	Frost resistance	Drought resistance	Harvest direction	Wood
Siberian cedar	Large	Very high	Average	Very promising	Valuable
Korean cedar	Very large	High	Average	Very promising	Very valuable
European cedar	Average	Very high	Average	Promising	Valuable
Siberian dwarf pine	Small or medium	Maximum	Average	Forage and local	Limited
Pine tree	Very large	Low or medium	High	Industrial	Average
Chilgoza	Large	Average	High	High value niche	Average
Edible pine	Average	Average	Very high	Local	Limited
Single-needle pine	Large	Average	Very high	Local	Limited
Arman's pine	Average	Average	Average	Experimental	Valuable

5. Using seeds

Production	Suitable species	Usage
Whole nuts	Siberian, Korean, European cedar, stone pine	Human nutrition
Oil	Siberian and Korean cedar pines	Food and cosmetic use
Nut paste	All large-seeded species	Food processing
Plant-based milk	Siberian, Korean, pine	Drinks
Protein flour	Cedar pines and stone pine	Baking and additives
Oil cake	All recyclable types	Food and feed raw materials
Feed for wild fauna	All kinds	Squirrels, birds and small animals
Seed material	All kinds	Reforestation
Improved seeds	Selected mother trees	Nurseries and forest crops

6. Ecological feeding function

Animals	How are seeds used?	Importance for the forest
Nutcrackers	Transfer and bury the seeds	Natural distribution
Whore	Create seed reserves	Forest restoration
Squirrels	They collect pine cones and nuts	Seed dispersal
Woodpeckers	Extracting seeds from cones	Food chain
Mouse-like rodents	Collect fallen seeds	Predator food supply
Wild boars	They eat available seeds	Mixing the litter
Poultry	Can receive recycled cake	Supplementary feed
Farm animals	Controlled feed cake is possible	Zero-waste recycling

7. Grafting of nut-bearing pines

Scion	Preferred rootstock	Possible experimental rootstock	The main goal
Siberian cedar pine	Seedling of the same species	European stone pine	Nuts and frost resistance
Korean cedar pine	Seedling of the same species	Nearby five-needle pines	Large nuts
European stone pine	Seedling of the same species	Siberian cedar pine	Alpine plantings
Siberian dwarf pine	Seedling of the same species	Nearby cedar pines	Compact form
Pine tree	Pine seedling	Aleppo pine	Acceleration of fruiting
Chilgoza	Seedling of the same species	Only closely related species in trials	Preservation of productive clones
Edible pine	Seedling of the same species	Other pinyon pines	Arid zones
Arman's pine	Seedling of the same species	Nearby five-needle pines	Nuts and wood

8. Objectives of grafting cedar pines

Task	Result
Preserving a fruitful tree	The new seedling replicates the qualities of the mother tree
Acceleration of fruiting	Physiologically mature scion forms cones earlier
Increasing seed size	Large-seeded forms are propagated
Crop stabilization	We use proven clones
Reducing the crown height	Collecting cones is simplified
Creating a seed garden	Improved seeds are being produced
Preservation of rare genotypes	A clone archive is being created
Rootstock testing	Adaptation to soil and climate is being tested
Wood selection	Straight-stemmed and fast-growing forms are preserved
Creating a queen cell	The result is grafting material.

II. True cedars

9. Main species of the genus Cedrus

Latin name	Russian name	Natural region	Main use
Cedar of Lebanon	Cedar of Lebanon	Turkey, Lebanon, Syria	Wood, cultural heritage
Atlantic cedar	Atlas cedar	The Atlas Mountains of Morocco and Algeria	Timber, protective forests
Deodar cedar	Himalayan cedar	Western Himalayas	Wood, parks, mountain forests
Cedar short-leaved	Cyprus cedar	Cyprus	Conservation and genetic significance

10. Comparison of real cedars

View	Frost resistance	Drought resistance	Growth rate	Wood quality	Best use
Cedar of Lebanon	High	High	Average	Very high	Long-lived forests
Atlas cedar	Medium or high	Very high	Average	High	Dry mountain zones
Deodar	Average	Average	High	High	Humid mountainous regions
Cyprus cedar	Average	High	Slow or medium	High	Genetic collections

11. Grafting of true cedars

Scion	Preferred rootstock	Target
Cedar of Lebanon	Seedling of Lebanese cedar	Preservation of valuable genotypes
Atlas cedar	Atlas cedar seedling	Drought-resistant lines
Deodar	Himalayan cedar seedling	Fast-growing and decorative forms
Cyprus cedar	Cyprus cedar seedling	Genetic preservation
Ornamental variety Cedrus	Compatible species of the genusCedar	Crown shape or needle color
Interspecific graft of Cedrus	Another species of the genusCedar	Experimental adaptation

12. Using real cedars

Direction	Meaning
Wood	Carpentry, construction, restoration
Mountain forests	Strengthening slopes and regulating water regime
Long-lasting plantings	Creating forests for centuries
Climate adaptation	Atlas cedar is especially important
Landscape	Monumental trees and alleys
Gene banks	Conservation of local populations
Seed plantations	Obtaining adapted offspring
Cultural heritage	The Cedar of Lebanon has historical significance

III. Other coniferous economic groups

13. Pines for timber and forest restoration

View	Russian name	Seeds for humans	Main use
Scots pine	Scots pine	No	Wood, reforestation
Black pine	Black pine	No	Drought-resistant forests
Pinus pinaster	Maritime pine	No	Wood, resin, sandy soils
Pine of Aleppo	Aleppo pine	Not a mainstream culture	Dry Mediterranean zones
Pinus brutia	Turkish pine	Not a mainstream culture	Timber and forest restoration
Pine tree	Radiata pine	No	Fast-growing industrial timber
Pinus ponderosa	Ponderosa pine	Limited	Wood and dry forests
Twisted pine	Lodgepole pine	No	Cold and poor areas

14. Spruce, fir and larch

Group	Main representatives	Vaccination	Seeds	Wood
They ate	European, Serbian, Sitka	Seed gardens and varieties	Bird food	High value
Fir trees	White, Siberian, Caucasian	Variety and selection	Feeding function	High value
Larch trees	European, Siberian, Japanese	Selective forms	Feeding function	Very durable
Douglas	Douglasia Menzies	Seed plantations	Feeding function	Very productive
Tsuga	Canadian and Western	Decorative forms	Feeding function	Average
Pseudotsuga	Douglas	Forest selection	Not food grade	Fast-growing wood

15. Junipers and cypresses

Group	Production	Ecological function	Restrictions
Common juniper	Cones, essential substances	Bird feed, dry slopes	Use only safe species
Red cedar	Aromatic wood	Wind protection	Not a food crop
Wedding	Wood and decorative forms	Hedges	Parts of the plant may be toxic.
Cypress	Wood and essential oils	Dry zones, wind protection	Requires a warm climate
Cypress tree	Decorative and special wood	Humid and temperate zones	Not a food crop
Kallitris	Aromatic wood	Arid territories	Requires climatic testing

IV. Classification by products

16. Conifers for food seeds

Priority	View	Main products
1	Korean cedar pine	Large nuts and butter
2	Siberian cedar pine	Nuts, oil, cake
3	Pine tree	Pinioli
4	European stone pine	Nuts and feed
5	Chilgoza	Valuable large seeds
6	Edible pine	Pinyon
7	Single-needle pine	Edible seeds
8	Siberian dwarf pine	Seeds and food for wild fauna

17. Conifers for animal feed

Group	Forage resource	Animals
Cedar pines	Nuts and pine cone remains	Squirrels, birds, rodents
Common pine trees	Small seeds	Birds and small mammals
They ate	Seeds	Crossbills, woodpeckers, squirrels
Fir trees	Seeds and buds	Birds and forest animals
Larch trees	Seeds and young shoots	Birds and herbivores
Junipers	Pine cones	Thrushes and other birds
Yews	Fleshy aril	Birds; other parts are toxic

18. Conifers for timber

Priority function	Suitable groups
Long-lasting aromatic wood	Real cedars
Construction timber	Pines, spruces, firs, Douglas fir
Moisture-resistant wood	Larch
Furniture and carving	Cedar pines and true cedars
Fast-growing wood	Radiata pine, Douglas fir
Dry climate wood	Atlas cedar, black pine
Special aromatic wood	Juniper, cypress
Mountain wood	European stone pine and larch

V. Recommended DREVO structure

19. Functional groups of plantings

Zone	Main types	Purpose
Nut orchard	Siberian, Korean cedar pine, stone pine	Food seed production
Alpine cedar forest	European stone pine	Slope protection, fodder, timber
Forage coniferous forest	Seed pine, spruce, fir	Support for forest fauna
A real cedar forest	Atlas, Lebanon, Himalayan cedars	Wood and the ecosystem
Seed plantation	Grafted elite trees	Obtaining improved seeds
Genetic archive	Rare species and clones	Maintaining diversity
Wooded area	Pine, spruce, larch, Douglas fir	Commercial timber
Dry zone	Pine, chilgoza, Atlas cedar	Drought-resistant production
Mountainous zone	European stone pine, larch	Slopes and cold climate
Experimental zone	Rare walnut-bearing pines	Testing and selection

20. Grafting or seed propagation

Task	Preferred method
Obtaining edible nuts	Grafted elite trees
Preservation of a variety or clone	Vaccination
Establishment of a seed plantation	Grafted mother trees
Creation of a natural forest	Seed propagation
Production of commercial timber	Seed progeny of the best trees
Supporting biodiversity	Seed populations
Genetic archive	Grafting plus seed storage
Rapid onset of fruiting	Grafting of mature scion
Adaptation to new conditions	Testing different seed populations
Preserving a rare tree	Several reserve vaccinations

21. Final classification

Main group	Edible seeds	Animal feed	Wood	The role of vaccination
Cedar pines	High value	High	High	Nut clones and seed gardens
Pinyon pines	High value	High	Low or medium	Preservation of productive forms
Real cedars	Low	Average	Very high	Selection and genetic archive
Forest pines	Low	Average	Very high	Seed plantations
Spruce and fir trees	No	High	Very high	Selection and ornamental forms
Larch trees	No	Average	Very high	Seed gardens
Junipers	Limited	High	Average	Varietal propagation
Cypress	No	Average	High	Preservation of valuable forms

The basic principle of DREVO

Cedar pines of the genusPinusThey are grown primarily for their food seeds, oil, forage and multifunctional forest.

True cedars of the genusCedarThey are grown for their long-lasting timber, slope protection, water regime and the formation of monumental forest ecosystems.

Grafting is used to preserve selected fruit-bearing and breeding trees. Seed propagation is used to create genetically diverse, resilient, and long-lived forests.

Target - create the most sustainable forest for 200–500 years, the principle of natural European forests, where there isone dominant tree, and the rest support him and perform their functions.